{"id":1883,"date":"2025-02-09T14:58:26","date_gmt":"2025-02-09T14:58:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/?page_id=1883"},"modified":"2025-05-03T19:10:32","modified_gmt":"2025-05-03T19:10:32","slug":"repere","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/repere\/","title":{"rendered":"Cartografierea Bucovinei"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-12ad4883 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-4ee1cddf\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flex wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<p style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"><br>Partea nord-vestic\u0103 a Principatului Moldovei, cunoscut\u0103 ulterior sub denumirea de Bucovina, a devenit o provincie a Imperiului Habsburgic \u00een 1775. De la anexare \u015fi p\u00e2n\u0103 la dizolvarea monarhiei austro-ungare \u00een 1918, Bucovina a r\u0103mas o provincie imperial\u0103 german\u0103 \u015fi, implicit, un subiect al diverselor m\u0103suri care au transformat cartografia \u00eentr-o \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 modern\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Pu\u0163in cunoscute \u015fi valorificate, \u00een prezent dispersate \u00een mai multe arhive din Viena (Austria), Suceava, Bucure\u015fti (Rom\u00e2nia) sau Cern\u0103u\u0163i (Ucraina), h\u0103r\u0163ile habsburgice ale Bucovinei ne ofer\u0103 ast\u0103zi o perspectiv\u0103 unic\u0103 privind progresele cartografice din regiunile imperiale de grani\u0163\u0103 \u015fi ilustreaz\u0103, secven\u0163ial, preocup\u0103rile \u015fi interesele statului \u00een diverse perioade cronologice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-51d6616d\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image aligncenter uagb-block-9480190c wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-zoomin wp-block-uagb-image--align-center\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/untitled\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Untitled-e1739125214756.png ,https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Untitled-e1739125214756.png 780w, https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Untitled-840x1024.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Untitled-e1739125214756.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-1964\" width=\"840\" height=\"550\" title=\"Austro-Ungaria 1914\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"uagb-image-caption\">Austro-Ungaria \u00een ajunul Primului R\u0103zboi Mondial. Sursa: wikipedia.org<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-c209300f alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-fc5b3f1c\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><strong>Cartografierea Theresiano-Iosefin\u0103<\/strong><\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-right:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-left:0\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Cea mai veche cartografiere sistematic\u0103 a imperiului a fost ordonat\u0103 de Maria Theresa \u00een 1763. Ca urmare, p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1785, au fost cartografiate toate provinciile habsburgice dar \u015fi alte regiuni de interes, precum Moldova dintre Carpa\u0163i \u015fi Siret sau \u0162ara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 (cu excep\u0163ia raialei Br\u0103ila).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Materialele cartografice elaborate de personalul militar au avut un caracter strict-secret, au fost accesibile unui num\u0103r restr\u00e2ns de ofi\u0163eri de rang superior \u015fi au r\u0103mas, \u00een bun\u0103 m\u0103sur\u0103, necunoscute publicului. Pentru realizarea lor au fost utilizate instrumentele limitate ale epocii \u0219i nu a existat o raportare la coordonatele geografice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-8eea3e03 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator uagb-block-fb07243a wp-block-uagb-separator--icon\"><div class=\"uagb-separator-spacing-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator__inner\" style=\"--my-background-image:\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator-element\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\"><path d=\"M128 39C128 25.1 137.1 15.17 150.9 14.09L302.7 1.443C312 .6658 320 8.027 320 17.39V47.1C320 56.84 312.8 63.1 304 63.1H152.1C139.2 63.1 128 52.81 128 39V39zM302.4 95.1C303.5 101.2 304 106.5 304 111.1C304 156.2 268.2 191.1 224 191.1C179.8 191.1 144 156.2 144 111.1C144 106.5 144.6 101.2 145.6 95.1H302.4zM373.6 460.3L320 369.7V480C320 481.3 319.9 482.5 319.8 483.8L145.5 234.9C162.1 227.8 180.2 223.1 198.8 223.1H249.2C265.1 223.1 280.6 226.8 295 231.9L389.9 67.71C382.2 63.3 379.6 53.51 384 45.86C388.4 38.21 398.2 35.58 405.9 40L433.6 56C441.2 60.42 443.8 70.21 439.4 77.86L383.1 173.9L385.6 174.9C400.9 183.7 406.1 203.3 397.3 218.6L360.6 282C362.6 284.9 364.5 287.8 366.3 290.8L442.4 419.7C453.7 438.7 447.4 463.2 428.4 474.4C409.3 485.7 384.8 479.4 373.6 460.3V460.3zM264 319.1C277.3 319.1 288 309.3 288 295.1C288 282.7 277.3 271.1 264 271.1C250.7 271.1 240 282.7 240 295.1C240 309.3 250.7 319.1 264 319.1zM160 512C142.3 512 128 497.7 128 480V369.7L74.44 460.3C63.21 479.4 38.68 485.7 19.66 474.4C.6381 463.2-5.669 438.7 5.569 419.7L81.7 290.8C91.06 274.1 103.4 261.5 117.7 250.8L299.1 510C295.6 511.3 291.9 512 288 512L160 512z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-right:0;margin-bottom:20px;margin-left:0\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\"><strong>A.&nbsp;<\/strong> <\/mark>\u00cen nord-vestul Moldovei, primele investiga\u0163ii cartografice austriece au precedat anexarea Bucovinei \u015fi au fost un produs al <strong>necesit\u0103\u0163ilor militar-administrative<\/strong> de integrare \u00een cadrul Imperiului a provinciilor \u00eenvecinate principatului. \u00centre 1769 \u015fi 1773, c\u00e2nd Transilvania a fost cartografiat\u0103, ofi\u0163erilor implica\u0163i li s-a solicitat s\u0103 realizeze reprezent\u0103ri detaliate ale regiunii carpatice de frontier\u0103, inclusiv pentru o parte din teritoriile interne ale Moldovei \u015fi \u0162\u0103rii Rom\u00e2ne\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-bottom:20px;margin-left:0\">Cu ocazia vizitei sale \u00een Transilvania \u015fi Gali\u0163ia din 1773, Iosif al II-lea a criticat aceste rezultate preliminare \u015fi a impus suplimentarea activit\u0103\u0163ilor cartografice \u00een regiunea de grani\u0163\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 la finalul anului. \u00cen plus, \u00eemp\u0103ratul a recunoscut oportunitatea unei conexiuni teritoriale \u00eentre Transilvania \u015fi Gali\u0163ia de Est (anexat\u0103 de la Polonia \u00een 1772) prin partea de nord a Moldovei \u015fi a solicitat cartarea integral\u0103 a regiunii. Cu acest prilej, o parte dintre ofi\u0163erii deja implica\u0163i \u00een activit\u0103\u0163ile de cartografiere din Gali\u0163ia de Est au fost deta\u015fa\u0163i \u00een regiunea de interes iar informa\u0163iile de natur\u0103 geografic\u0103 acumulate au avut un rol important \u00een argumentarea viitoarelor preten\u0163ii de anexare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:0\">Reprezentarea cartografic\u0103 a zonei de frontier\u0103 transilv\u0103nene \u015fi cea a \u201ecoridorului gali\u0163ian\u201d au fost proiecte cartografice expeditive, diferite, dar par\u0163ial suprapuse, ce trebuiau s\u0103 asigure informa\u0163ii privind relieful, distribu\u0163ia p\u0103durilor, r\u00e2urilor, a\u015fez\u0103rilor umane \u015fi c\u0103ilor de transport, pentru eventuale opera\u0163iuni militare, conform standardelor vremii.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-1ff69f91 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-ced76512\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Primul dintre ele a c\u0103zut \u00een sarcina regimentului de grani\u0163\u0103 moldo-valah \u015fi a fost coordonat de <strong><em>maiorul Jeney<\/em><\/strong>. Include 103 de foi de hart\u0103 ce acoper\u0103 f\u00e2\u0219ia de frontier\u0103 carpatic\u0103 a provinciei<sup data-fn=\"14e1bb60-dd50-47ef-a552-de9ccd7b5518\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#14e1bb60-dd50-47ef-a552-de9ccd7b5518\" id=\"14e1bb60-dd50-47ef-a552-de9ccd7b5518-link\">1<\/a><\/sup>. Dintre acestea, 16 acoper\u0103 partea de sud-vest a teritoriului ce va fi anexat \u00een 1775. Foile au fost asamblate folosind sistemul utilizat \u00een Transilvania, astfel c\u0103 se asigur\u0103 o perspectiv\u0103 geografic\u0103 unitar\u0103 asupra teritoriilor \u00eenvecinate din est \u015fi sud.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-e597d5b4 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-c371569b\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"500\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/maps.arcanum.com\/en\/map\/firstsurvey-moldva-wallachia\/embed\/?layers=149&#038;bbox=2814349.2763747084%2C5994994.346920519%2C2832694.163163151%2C6001778.133180828\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-bfd4ea0b\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image aligncenter uagb-block-e30730d4 wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-zoomin wp-block-uagb-image--align-center\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Moldau_und_Walachey_-_Josephinische_Landesaufnahme.jpg\/1280px-Moldau_und_Walachey_-_Josephinische_Landesaufnahme.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\"  sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/ae\/Moldau_und_Walachey_-_Josephinische_Landesaufnahme.jpg\/1280px-Moldau_und_Walachey_-_Josephinische_Landesaufnahme.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"450\" title=\"General Charte deren Lisieres\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"uagb-image-caption\">Harta frontierei Transilvaniei realizat\u0103 sub coordonarea lui Jeney (1769-1773). <br>Sursa:  maps.arcanum.com (harta) &amp; wikipedia.org (schema de asamblare a foilor).<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-3cccf7ac alignwide uagb-is-root-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-bc31e20f\">\n<ul style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"padding-right:70px;padding-left:0\">In nordul Moldovei, lucr\u0103rile au continuat \u00eentre 1773 \u015fi 1775, \u00een paralel cu activit\u0103\u0163ile de cartografiere a Gali\u0163iei de Est \u015fi ocuparea <em>de facto<\/em> a Bucovinei. Rolul principal i-a revenit aici lui <strong><em>Friedrich von Mieg<\/em><\/strong>, \u00eens\u0103rcinat \u00een 1772 cu delimitarea frontierei sud-estice a Gali\u0163iei (\u00een Pocu\u0163ia). In acest context, ofi\u0163erul german a subliniat importan\u0163a strategic\u0103 a unei avans\u0103ri militare c\u0103tre est \u015fi a documentat prin schi\u0163e \u015fi rapoarte, faptul c\u0103, grani\u0163a Pocu\u0163iei istorice s-ar fi extins pe teritoriul Moldovei. Argumentele identificate, de\u015fi controversabile \u015fi tenden\u021bioase, au oferit un pretext Austriei pentru anexarea teritorial\u0103 a regiunii \u015fi au fost apreciate de \u00eemp\u0103rat. Ca urmare, la \u00eenceputul anului 1774, Mieg a fost avansat la gradul de maior \u015fi a primit ordinul de a \u00eentocmi h\u0103r\u0163i mai precise ale teritoriului cuprins cu aproxima\u0163ie \u00eentre r\u00e2urile Nistru \u015fi Bistri\u0163a. Prima cartare detaliat\u0103 a nord-vestului Moldovei \u015fi documentarea unei frontiere mai avansate a Monarhiei s-au efectuat <em>incognito<\/em>, \u00een contextul unei \u00een\u0163elegeri cu armata rus\u0103 de ocupa\u0163ie, prin intermediul unui deta\u015fament de 30 de militari transfera\u021bi din Gali\u0163ia de Est. Sf\u00e2r\u015fitul r\u0103zboiului ruso-turc a accelerat finalizarea activit\u0103\u0163ilor cartografice iar h\u0103r\u0163ile austriece au reprezentat instrumente valoroase \u00een negocierile ulterioare cu Imperiul Otoman.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-07d6edcc\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-23f11a31\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image aligncenter uagb-block-dc8f2b0b wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-zoomin wp-block-uagb-image--align-center\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mieg_1776.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-lbwps-width=\"2032\" data-lbwps-height=\"1396\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mieg_1776.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mieg_1776.jpg ,https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mieg_1776.jpg 780w, https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mieg_1776.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Mieg_1776.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-2898\" width=\"1024\" height=\"704\" title=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"presentation\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"uagb-image-caption\">Planul noii grani\u021be dintre Prut \u0219i Nistru &#8211; una dintre h\u0103r\u021bile realizate de Mieg pentru negocierile austro-turce de la Palamutka (5 iulie 1776)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-1f8f0957 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-340a0322\">\n<p style=\"padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:0\">Cartografierea Bucovinei de la \u00eenceputul anilor 1770 a fost slab ancorat\u0103 \u00een m\u0103sur\u0103tori precise \u0219i a depins \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 de evalu\u0103ri vizuale rapide. Ca urmare, dup\u0103 anexarea din 1775, mai mul\u021bi ofi\u021beri au fost transfera\u0163i aici pentru a aplica modific\u0103ri\/corec\u0163ii \u015fi a finaliza asamblarea a foilor de hart\u0103. Aceast\u0103 activitate s-a \u00eencheiat \u00een 1776.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">Prima hart\u0103 detaliat\u0103 a Bucovinei a fost realizat\u0103 ini\u021bial la o scar\u0103 militar\u0103 dubl\u0103 (circa 1:57.600) \u0219i include 71 de foi principale, dou\u0103 foi suplimentare c\u0103tre vest (acoperind regiunea adiacent\u0103 din Maramure\u0219), o pagin\u0103 de titlu \u0219i o hart\u0103 index. Potrivit lui J. Paldus, \u00een cadrul Arhivei de R\u0103zboi din Viena existau dou\u0103 versiuni &#8211; foile originale \u0219i o copie actualizat\u0103 (1777), u\u0219or diferite \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te con\u021binutul<sup data-fn=\"fb5335a9-836f-4aed-a410-49a3c1245dd2\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#fb5335a9-836f-4aed-a410-49a3c1245dd2\" id=\"fb5335a9-836f-4aed-a410-49a3c1245dd2-link\">2<\/a><\/sup>. \u00cen 1778, harta a fost m\u0103rit\u0103 la scara militar\u0103 standard (circa 1:28.800) sub coordonarea maiorului Mieg. Aceast\u0103 variant\u0103 include 72 de foi de 64&#215;42 cm, identice ca extensii cu cele realizate la scara 1:57.600, o hart\u0103 index \u0219i o pagin\u0103 de titlu (cartu\u015f) ce prezint\u0103 o negociere amical\u0103 \u00eentre austrieci \u015fi turci \u00een apropiere de cetatea Hotinului<sup data-fn=\"56b8a0b0-f85b-4cc1-b190-624e602f66f9\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#56b8a0b0-f85b-4cc1-b190-624e602f66f9\" id=\"56b8a0b0-f85b-4cc1-b190-624e602f66f9-link\">3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-3eab20df alignwide uagb-is-root-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b02886af wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-349a2079\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image uagb-block-d46f1fda wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-zoomin wp-block-uagb-image--align-none\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/scurt-istoric\/bucovina_71\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Bucovina_71.jpg ,https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Bucovina_71.jpg 780w, https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Bucovina_71.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Bucovina_71.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-2292\" width=\"720\" height=\"400\" title=\"Bucovina_71\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"uagb-image-caption\">Schema de asamblare a h\u0103r\u021bii Bucovinei la scara 1:57.600 (1776-1777)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-0dab849c\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image uagb-block-99544f68 wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-zoomin wp-block-uagb-image--align-none\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Plans_Bukowiner_1778.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-lbwps-width=\"2506\" data-lbwps-height=\"1321\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Plans_Bukowiner_1778.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/foaie-titlu-scaled.jpg ,https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/foaie-titlu-scaled.jpg 780w, https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/foaie-titlu-1024x540.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/foaie-titlu-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-2307\" width=\"2560\" height=\"400\" title=\"Plans der Bukowiner Districts\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"uagb-image-caption\">Fragment din pagina de titlu a h\u0103r\u021bii militare finale, la scara 1:28.800 (1778)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-05e6e948 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-5fd94dbc\">\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-4-background-color has-background\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Ca urmare a eforturilor ofi\u021berilor habsburgici din 1773-1778, cuno\u0219tin\u021bele geografice referitoare la nordul Moldovei au fost \u00eembog\u0103\u0163ite semnificativ, diversele reprezent\u0103ri cartografice realizate \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103 (schi\u0163e sau h\u0103r\u0163i la diferite sc\u0103ri) eviden\u021biind, cu prec\u0103dere, detaliile strategice \u0219i militare relevante. Cu o suprafa\u021b\u0103 u\u0219or diminuat\u0103 fa\u0163\u0103 de preten\u021biile ini\u021biale, districtul \u201eMoldovei austriece\u201d acoperea 10,441 km<sup>2<\/sup> \u0219i cuprindea o popula\u021bie relativ redus\u0103 de 71.750 locuitori, respectiv 281 de localit\u0103\u0163i.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-5087da2f alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator uagb-block-1a58d12a wp-block-uagb-separator--icon\"><div class=\"uagb-separator-spacing-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator__inner\" style=\"--my-background-image:\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator-element\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 640 512\"><path d=\"M288 48C288 21.49 309.5 0 336 0H432C458.5 0 480 21.49 480 48V192H520V120C520 106.7 530.7 96 544 96C557.3 96 568 106.7 568 120V192H592C618.5 192 640 213.5 640 240V464C640 490.5 618.5 512 592 512H336C309.5 512 288 490.5 288 464V48zM352 112C352 120.8 359.2 128 368 128H400C408.8 128 416 120.8 416 112V80C416 71.16 408.8 64 400 64H368C359.2 64 352 71.16 352 80V112zM368 160C359.2 160 352 167.2 352 176V208C352 216.8 359.2 224 368 224H400C408.8 224 416 216.8 416 208V176C416 167.2 408.8 160 400 160H368zM352 304C352 312.8 359.2 320 368 320H400C408.8 320 416 312.8 416 304V272C416 263.2 408.8 256 400 256H368C359.2 256 352 263.2 352 272V304zM528 256C519.2 256 512 263.2 512 272V304C512 312.8 519.2 320 528 320H560C568.8 320 576 312.8 576 304V272C576 263.2 568.8 256 560 256H528zM512 400C512 408.8 519.2 416 528 416H560C568.8 416 576 408.8 576 400V368C576 359.2 568.8 352 560 352H528C519.2 352 512 359.2 512 368V400zM224 160C224 166 223 171 222 176C242 190 256 214 256 240C256 285 220 320 176 320H160V480C160 498 145 512 128 512C110 512 96 498 96 480V320H80C35 320 0 285 0 240C0 214 13 190 33 176C32 171 32 166 32 160C32 107 74 64 128 64C181 64 224 107 224 160z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-right:0;margin-bottom:20px;margin-left:0\"><mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-0-color\"><strong>B.&nbsp;<\/strong> <\/mark>Administrarea \u0219i gestionarea economic\u0103 ulterioar\u0103 a noii provincii au ad\u0103ugat totu\u0219i mai multe provoc\u0103ri pentru monarhia austriac\u0103 dec\u00e2t integrarea sa politic\u0103, subliniind necesitatea unor noi descrieri cartografice. Acest aspect era subliniat indirect \u015fi de lideri locali, precum boierul Vasile Bal\u0219, care declara c\u0103:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-right:0;margin-bottom:20px;margin-left:0\"> <mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-1-color\">\u201e<em>\u00een Bucovina se \u00eent\u00e2lnesc multe certuri \u0219i greut\u0103\u021bi, prin \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163irea terenului \u00eentre boieri \u015fi \u0163\u0103rani<\/em>\u201d &#8230;.. \u201c<em>aproape nu este niciun lot de p\u0103m\u00e2nt, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi \u00eencurcat \u00een certuri de hotare.<\/em>.\u201d<\/mark>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La momentul anex\u0103rii, nu existau \u00eenregistr\u0103ri oficiale cu privire la proprietarii de terenuri \u00een Bucovina \u0219i nici delimit\u0103ri sau marcaje exacte ale terenurilor de\u0163inute. Era dificil astfel s\u0103 separi bunurile statului de cele private sau domeniile de\u021binute de nobilii moldoveni \u015fi m\u0103n\u0103stirile ortodoxe din afara grani\u021belor monarhiei. Aceste probleme, ce afectau \u00een cele din urm\u0103 colectarea impozitelor, au fost \u00een aten\u021bia oficialilor habsburgici \u00eenc\u0103 din 1777, de\u0219i analizele \u0219i delimitarea propriet\u0103\u021bilor funciare au \u00eenceput abia \u00een 1781-1782, odat\u0103 cu \u00eenfiin\u021barea unei comisii speciale de anchet\u0103. Principalele sarcini ale acestei comisii au presupus investigarea \u0219i delimitarea pe cheltuiala statului a tuturor mo\u0219iilor ereditare din Bucovina (pe baza analizei hrisoavelor sau a martorilor), elaborarea protocoalelor \u0219i emiterea actelor de proprietate. Dac\u0103 un proprietar poseda mai multe mo\u0219ii sau sate al\u0103turate, acestea erau concatenate \u015fi se definea\/delimita un domeniu unic. Ancheta a fost, teoretic, finalizat\u0103 \u00een 1784.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-8472309e alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-380e87f2\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\u00cen paralel cu activitatea comisiei de reglementare, \u00een 1782 au fost realizate \u015fi<strong> primele planuri cadastrale<\/strong>. Spre deosebire de anchetele anterioare, cartografierea utiliz\u0103rii terenurilor \u0219i delimitarea lor administrativ\u0103 au fost f\u0103cute de 24 de ingineri civili, condu\u0219i de <em><strong>Johann Budinsky<\/strong><\/em>. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prim\u0103vara anului 1783, geometrii civili au cartografiat domeniile a 40 de localit\u0103\u0163i, majoritatea situate \u00een jum\u0103tatea nordic\u0103 a provinciei. Acestea au fost reprezentate \u00een plan la sc\u0103ri variabile, de la 1:4.800 la 1:14.400, folosind foi unice sau multiple (\u00een total 117 foi) ce eviden\u0163iau o serie de elemente necesare estim\u0103rii impozitelor &#8211; precum limitele\/dimensiunile parcelelor sau tipul de utilizare a terenului (de unde caracterul economic al reprezent\u0103rilor). Ini\u021biativa Consiliului Aulic de R\u0103zboi de a folosi ingineri civili \u00een scopul <strong>cartografierii economice a provinciei<\/strong> a fost criticat\u0103, \u00een scurt timp, de Iosif al II-lea, deoarece presupunea costuri mai mari \u2013 evaluate la circa 300.000 florini (de \u0219ase p\u00e2n\u0103 la \u0219apte ori mai mari dec\u00e2t \u00een cazul utiliz\u0103rii personalului militar), iar activit\u0103\u0163ile au fost oprite.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-f4a32e52 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-c12fbe1d\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">Din mai multe motive \u0219i, \u00een special, ca urmare a deciziei \u00eemp\u0103ratului de a reforma sistemul de impozitare funciar\u0103&nbsp; \u00een toat\u0103 monarhia, cartografierea economic\u0103 a Bucovinei a fost reluat\u0103 \u00een 1786. Coordonarea lor a fost atribuit\u0103 c\u0103pitanului <em><strong>Frantz Xaver Hora von Otzellowitz<\/strong><\/em>, deta\u0219at \u00een acest scop din zona Banatului. Spre deosebire de misiunea lui Budinsky, lui Otzellowitz i s-a cerut s\u0103 realizeze o hart\u0103 cu caracter economic a Bucovinei mai ieftin\u0103, mai rapid \u0219i mai general\u0103 (<mark style=\"background-color:rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)\" class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-1-color\">\u201e<em>summarische geometrische Aufnahme<\/em>\u201d<\/mark>), la scara militar\u0103. Prin urmare, era de a\u0219teptat ca activitatea s\u0103 fie finalizat\u0103 \u00eentr-un an. Izbucnirea unui nou r\u0103zboi ruso-otoman a complicat \u00eens\u0103 finalizarea lucr\u0103rilor. Ca aliat al Rusiei, Austria a fost obligat\u0103 s\u0103 intervin\u0103 \u00een conflict, iar preg\u0103tirile militare au presupus inclusiv \u00eentoarcerea militarilor cartografi deta\u0219a\u021bi la regimentele lor. Cu sprijinul inginerilor civili, cartografierea economic\u0103 a provinciei a fost \u00eencheiat\u0103 \u00een 1789, \u00een paralel cu cartografierea p\u0103r\u0163ilor \u00eenvecinate ale Moldovei, ocupate&nbsp;vremelnic de trupele imperiale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-5e6f0316 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<p>Spre deosebire de harta militar\u0103 a lui Mieg, harta lui Otzelowitz cuprinde doar teritoriul provinciei. Este alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din 55 de foi, o hart\u0103 index \u015fi o foaie de titlu. Dimensiunile standard \u015fi scara de reprezentare folosit\u0103 sunt similare foilor militare (64&#215;42 cm, scara 1:28.800)<sup data-fn=\"bd5725aa-ba9c-468a-a2fa-09de15a0a42f\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#bd5725aa-ba9c-468a-a2fa-09de15a0a42f\" id=\"bd5725aa-ba9c-468a-a2fa-09de15a0a42f-link\">4<\/a><\/sup>. \u0162in\u00e2nd cont de lipsa elementelor cadrului extern (ex. titlu, num\u0103rul foii &#8211; prezente la Mieg), schi\u0163area fin\u0103, \u00een creion, a cartu\u015fului pe pagina de titlu, t\u0103ierea \u015fi reasamblarea unor regiuni \u00een cadrul foilor, prezen\u0163a unor diferen\u0163e la nivel de culoare sau de semne conven\u0163ionale, este evident caracterul s\u0103u de schi\u0163\u0103 original\u0103 sau \u201e<em>brouillon<\/em>\u201d. Conform titlului, \u00een procesul de realizare s-a utilizat metoda reducerii la scar\u0103 a planurilor mai detaliate anterior \u00eentocmite, urmat\u0103 de combinarea\/alipirea regiunilor vecine. Este greu de precizat dac\u0103 aceast\u0103 tehnic\u0103 a fost utilizat\u0103 doar pentru domeniile funciare cartografiate anterior de Budinsky sau au existat si alte planuri la fel de detaliate pentru restul teritoriului. Cel mai probabil \u00eens\u0103, pentru jum\u0103tatea nordic\u0103 au fost folosite datele deja existente, \u00een timp ce partea sudic\u0103 a fost cartografiat\u0103 cu plan\u015feta, direct la scara solicitat\u0103. Schema de asamblare a foilor este diferit\u0103 de cea a lui Mieg (sistemul transilv\u0103nean) \u015fi respect\u0103 sistemul folosit \u00een Gali\u0163ia: Bucovina era deja la finalizarea lucr\u0103rilor o parte (<em>cerc<\/em> administrativ) al acesteia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Deosebit de interesante \u015fi valoroase sunt elementele de con\u0163inut. Fondul h\u0103r\u0163ii este reprezentat de culorile asociate utiliz\u0103rii terenurilor, eviden\u0163iate \u015fi \u00een cadrul legendei din pagina de titlu \u2013 roz pentru vetrele localit\u0103\u0163ilor, galben pentru terenurile cultivate, verde \u00eenchis pentru paji\u015fti, verde deschis pentru p\u0103\u015funi comunale \u015fi gri pentru p\u0103duri. Pe anumite foi relieful este reprezentat prin intermediul metodei ha\u015furilor. \u00cen plus fa\u0163\u0103 de simbolurile precizate, se pot identifica cu u\u015furin\u0163\u0103 numeroase corpuri de ap\u0103 (r\u00e2uri \u015fi lacuri), arealele ml\u0103\u015ftinoase, drumurile, bisericile \u015fi casele, mori, locuri de trecere cu bacul, puncte de triangula\u0163ie \u015fi, mai ales, movilele\/reperele folosite pentru delimitarea propriet\u0103\u0163ilor. \u00cen func\u0163ie de acestea, sunt conturate, prin linii colorate, 189 de domenii funciare inventariate de comisia Metzger, iar prin linii punctate mo\u015fiile subordonate domeniilor (ex. unele domenii includ propriet\u0103\u0163ile \u00eenvecinate ale unei singure m\u0103n\u0103stiri, altele cuprind terenuri ale statului sau, comaseaz\u0103 propriet\u0103\u0163i private ale r\u0103ze\u015filor, mazililor sau marilor boieri \u015fi o parte cuprind propriet\u0103\u0163i mixte\/amestecate \u2013 private \u015fi ale bisericilor din afara grani\u0163elor). Comparativ cu harta lui Mieg, num\u0103rul de toponime este, de asemenea, semnificativ mai mare, probabil ca urmare a zelului comisei de reglementare funciar\u0103.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Prin metodele de colectare a datelor folosite \u015fi detaliile reprezentate, harta lui Otzelowitz reprezint\u0103 un produs net superior produselor cartografice anterioare. Ea permite ast\u0103zi, cu o acurate\u0163e rezonabil\u0103, evaluarea modului de utilizare a terenurilor \u015fi identificarea limitelor propriet\u0103\u0163ilor de la finalul secolului al XVIII-lea, respectiv, poate fi considerat\u0103 prima hart\u0103 a unit\u0103\u0163ilor administrativ-teritoriale din Bucovina (unit\u0103\u0163ile teritoriale fiscale, chiar dac\u0103 nu presupuneau prezen\u0163a unei localit\u0103\u0163i, au stat la baza \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163irii administrative din secolul al XIX-lea).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-a0bd5ea8 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-9dda086d\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image aligncenter uagb-block-d852b8a7 wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-zoomin wp-block-uagb-image--align-center\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Otzelowitz.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-lbwps-width=\"949\" data-lbwps-height=\"690\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Otzelowitz.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Otzelowitz.png ,https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Otzelowitz.png 780w, https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Otzelowitz.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Otzelowitz.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-3118\" width=\"1280\" height=\"899\" title=\"Otzelowitz\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"uagb-image-caption\">Fragment din harta economic\u0103 a Bucovinei \u00eentocmit\u0103 de Otzellowitz (1789), foaia de titlu \u015fi indexul de asamblare a celor 55 de foi. Varianta digital\u0103 a h\u0103r\u021bii poate fi consultat\u0103 pe maps.arcanum.com <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-d73804e5\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"500\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/maps.arcanum.com\/en\/map\/firstsurvey-bukovina-2\/embed\/?bbox=2823741.6390024065%2C6024243.509094703%2C2860431.412579291%2C6037811.081615322&#038;layers=140\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-eb42bbf7 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-4a42c1d6\">\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-4-background-color has-background\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Principalul defect al \u00eenregistr\u0103rilor cartografice iosefine a fost faptul c\u0103 s-a lucrat de la \u201emic la mare\u201d, la nivel local, f\u0103r\u0103 a exista un cadru general. \u00cen consecin\u0163\u0103, \u00een 1792, c\u00e2nd s-a \u00eencercat lipirea h\u0103r\u0163ilor militare ale provinciilor, cu scopul de a se ob\u0163ine o reprezentare general\u0103 a monarhiei, au fost evidente distorsiunile \u015fi caracterul neuniform al cart\u0103rilor .<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator uagb-block-63607efa wp-block-uagb-separator--icon\"><div class=\"uagb-separator-spacing-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator__inner\" style=\"--my-background-image:\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator-element\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\"><path d=\"M408 120C408 174.6 334.9 271.9 302.8 311.1C295.1 321.6 280.9 321.6 273.2 311.1C241.1 271.9 168 174.6 168 120C168 53.73 221.7 0 288 0C354.3 0 408 53.73 408 120zM288 152C310.1 152 328 134.1 328 112C328 89.91 310.1 72 288 72C265.9 72 248 89.91 248 112C248 134.1 265.9 152 288 152zM425.6 179.8C426.1 178.6 426.6 177.4 427.1 176.1L543.1 129.7C558.9 123.4 576 135 576 152V422.8C576 432.6 570 441.4 560.9 445.1L416 503V200.4C419.5 193.5 422.7 186.7 425.6 179.8zM150.4 179.8C153.3 186.7 156.5 193.5 160 200.4V451.8L32.91 502.7C17.15 508.1 0 497.4 0 480.4V209.6C0 199.8 5.975 190.1 15.09 187.3L137.6 138.3C140 152.5 144.9 166.6 150.4 179.8H150.4zM327.8 331.1C341.7 314.6 363.5 286.3 384 255V504.3L192 449.4V255C212.5 286.3 234.3 314.6 248.2 331.1C268.7 357.6 307.3 357.6 327.8 331.1L327.8 331.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-89c61ae7 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-2c4acc17\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><strong>Cartografierea <strong>Franciscan\u0103<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0\">Acest aspect l-a determinat pe \u00eemp\u0103ratul Francisc I s\u0103 ordone \u00een 1806 o nou\u0103 cartografiere a provinciilor, \u00eentr-un mod mai organizat \u015fi pe baze \u015ftiin\u0163ifice. \u00cen paralel cu <strong>noile recunoa\u015fteri militare<\/strong>, \u00eenc\u0103 din august \u015fi octombrie 1806, Cancelaria Aulic\u0103 a fost \u00eens\u0103rcinat\u0103 s\u0103 elaboreze un nou sistem uniform de impozitare a propriet\u0103\u0163ilor funciare. Demersul a fost unul sensibil \u015fi a necesitat o perioad\u0103 \u00eendelungat\u0103 de preg\u0103tire, rezultatul fiind introducerea <em>cadastrului stabil<\/em>&nbsp; prin decretul imperial din 23 decembrie 1817. Acest act ordona efectuarea unor <strong>m\u0103sur\u0103tori cadastrale<\/strong> \u00een toate provinciile germane \u015fi italiene ale monarhiei, except\u00e2nd teritoriile aflate sub suzeranitatea Coroanei maghiare (Ungaria, Transilvania, Croa\u0163ia, Slavonia, Voievodina, Banatul Timi\u015foarei), \u00een care lucr\u0103rile vor \u00eencepe abia \u00een 1849. \u00centruc\u00e2t cele dou\u0103 activit\u0103\u021bi de cartografiere, au fost desf\u0103\u0219urate \u00een paralel \u0219i au progresat \u00een mod independent, de la \u00eenceput s-a pus problema complementarit\u0103\u021bii lor. \u00cen acele regiuni \u00een care \u00eenregistr\u0103rile cadastrale erau realizate, Statul Major trebuia s\u0103 recurg\u0103 la reducerea detaliilor la scara militar\u0103, \u00een locul unor noi recunoa\u0219teri topografice. Cartografii trebuiau deci doar s\u0103 includ\u0103 detaliile privind relieful (folosind un sistem de ha\u0219uri) \u0219i, eventual, s\u0103 fac\u0103 corec\u021bii acolo unde era necesar.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-13636815 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-4f480244\">\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-4-background-color has-background\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\u00cen cadrul procesului de realizare a noilor materiale cartografice (militare \u015fi cadastrale) un element de noutate l-a constituit dezvoltarea progresiv\u0103, c\u0103tre est, a unei re\u0163ele stabile de puncte de triangula\u0163ie&nbsp; (a unei sistem geodezic). Aceasta trebuia s\u0103 asigure scheletul determin\u0103rilor efectuate pe teren cu plan\u015feta (triangula\u0163iei grafice) \u015fi, mai ales, precizia pozi\u0163ion\u0103rii geografice a detaliilor observate (r\u00e2uri, drumuri, localit\u0103\u0163i, p\u0103duri etc.). Conform practicilor vremii, premisa m\u0103sur\u0103torilor o reprezenta determinarea lungimii unei baze (o latur\u0103 a triunghiului ini\u0163ial). Aceast\u0103 activitate trebuia efectuat\u0103 cu maxim de precizie, de aceea terenul ales era bine s\u0103 fie c\u00e2t mai uniform.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-grid uagb-block-7a488e3d alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<p>La scurt timp dup\u0103 emiterea ordinului de realizare a Cadastrului Franciscan, \u00een 1818, au \u00eenceput \u015fi \u00een Bucovina lucr\u0103rile de inventariere a terenurilor. \u00centruc\u00e2t la momentul respectiv re\u0163eaua de triangula\u0163ie militar\u0103 nu fusese \u00eenc\u0103 extins\u0103 \u00een teritoriile estice ale monarhiei , provincia a beneficiat de construc\u0163ia unei re\u0163ele proprii de puncte de sprijin (\u00een intervalul 1818-1820). \u00cen acest scop, a fost deta\u015fat aici conduc\u0103torul uneia dintre echipele de triangula\u0163ie de pe coasta nordic\u0103 a M\u0103rii Adriatice (cercurile Triest \u015fi Fiume) &#8211; prim-locotenentul <strong><em>Alois Hawliczek<\/em><\/strong>. Acesta trebuia s\u0103 coordoneze m\u0103surarea unei baze geodezice \u00een Depresiunea R\u0103d\u0103u\u0163iului \u2013 unitate de relief generoas\u0103 ca \u00eentindere, f\u0103r\u0103 denivel\u0103ri topografice semnificative \u015fi pozi\u0163ionat\u0103 relativ central \u00een cadrul provinciei. Baza geodezic\u0103 m\u0103surat\u0103 de Hawliczek \u00een intervalul 24 septembrie \u2013 30 decembrie 1818 avea cap\u0103tul vestic \u00een apropiere de localitatea G\u0103l\u0103ne\u015fti iar cel estic, la sud de Andrasfalva (M\u0103neu\u0163i) &#8211; circa 9.861 m. Supervizarea activit\u0103\u0163ilor a revenit colonelului <em><strong>Ludwig August von Fallon<\/strong><\/em>, \u00een calitatea sa de referent al lucr\u0103rilor astro-trigonometrice din cadrul direc\u0163iei de m\u0103sur\u0103tori a Comisiei Superioare de Reglementare a Impozitului Funciar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image uagb-block-43629bfc wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-zoomin wp-block-uagb-image--align-none\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/retea_bucovina-edited.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-lbwps-width=\"1379\" data-lbwps-height=\"1034\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/retea_bucovina-edited.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/retea_bucovina-edited.jpg ,https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/retea_bucovina-edited.jpg 780w, https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/retea_bucovina-edited.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/retea_bucovina-edited.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-3163\" width=\"601\" height=\"500\" title=\"retea_bucovina\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"uagb-image-caption\">Reteaua de triangula\u021bie din Bucovina (1851), cu indicarea bazei m\u0103surate \u00een 1818.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-bab908b9 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-0fc65b6c\">\n<p style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">La \u00eencheierea lucr\u0103rilor geodezice din Bucovina (1820), capetele bazei de triangula\u0163ie au fost marcate prin monumente de piatr\u0103 inscrip\u0163ionate \u2013 primele marcaje geodezice cunoscute de pe teritoriul actual al Rom\u00e2niei. Din p\u0103cate, doar cel din cap\u0103tul vestic (G\u0103l\u0103ne\u015fti) a supravie\u0163uit p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi. Inscrip\u0163ia latin\u0103 existent\u0103 men\u021bioneaz\u0103:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-grid uagb-block-a9bce0e8 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-ast-global-color-1-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-86329765fb76a5225a5c8dabd09ef1f6\"><strong>\u201eDIN PORUNCA LUI FRANCISC I, \u00ceMP\u0102RATUL AUSTRIEI,<\/strong><br><strong>SUB CONDUCEREA LUI CHRISTIAN&nbsp; WURMSER,<\/strong><br><strong>\u015eEFUL COMISIEI AULICE PENTRU IMPOZITELE OR\u00c2NDUITE<\/strong><br><strong>POTRIVIT CU INTERESELE DOMENIILOR,<\/strong><br><strong>S-A PUS ACEST MONUMENT CA FUNDAMENT \u00ceN AMINTIREA ACTIVIT\u0102\u0162II ICONOGRAFICE DESF\u0102\u015eURATE SUB AUG[UST] FALLON,<\/strong><br><strong>CONDUC\u0102TORUL OPERA\u0162IUNILOR ASTRONOMICO-TRIGONOMETRICE,<\/strong><br><strong>\u00ceN BAZA LEGII CADASTRULUI DIN<\/strong><br><strong>23 DECEMBRIE 1817.<\/strong><br><strong>PUS\u0102 \u00ceN ANUL DE LA CHRISTOS 1820. BORNA DE VEST\u201d<\/strong><sup data-fn=\"988c29b5-088a-4749-8dcd-7c35c2387f35\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#988c29b5-088a-4749-8dcd-7c35c2387f35\" id=\"988c29b5-088a-4749-8dcd-7c35c2387f35-link\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"wp-block-uagb-image-gallery uagb-block-fb31eb25     \"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tstyle=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"spectra-image-gallery spectra-image-gallery__layout--carousel\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-slick-carousel uagb-block-fb31eb25\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='spectra-image-gallery__media-wrapper' data-spectra-gallery-image-id='3176'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media spectra-image-gallery__media--carousel\">\n\t\t\t\t<picture>\n\t\t\t\t\t<source media=\"(min-width: 1024px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/inscriptie_1820.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/inscriptie_1820.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail--carousel\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/inscriptie_1820.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/picture>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail-blurrer\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail-caption-wrapper spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail-caption-wrapper--overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='spectra-image-gallery__media-wrapper' data-spectra-gallery-image-id='3177'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media spectra-image-gallery__media--carousel\">\n\t\t\t\t<picture>\n\t\t\t\t\t<source media=\"(min-width: 1024px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/monument_1820.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/monument_1820.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail--carousel\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/monument_1820.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/picture>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail-blurrer\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail-caption-wrapper spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail-caption-wrapper--overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='spectra-image-gallery__media-wrapper' data-spectra-gallery-image-id='3178'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media spectra-image-gallery__media--carousel\">\n\t\t\t\t<picture>\n\t\t\t\t\t<source media=\"(min-width: 1024px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/monument_18202.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/monument_18202.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail--carousel\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/monument_18202.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/picture>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail-blurrer\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail-caption-wrapper spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail-caption-wrapper--overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='spectra-image-gallery__media-wrapper' data-spectra-gallery-image-id='3179'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media spectra-image-gallery__media--carousel\">\n\t\t\t\t<picture>\n\t\t\t\t\t<source media=\"(min-width: 1024px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/monument_18201.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<source media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/monument_18201.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail--carousel\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/monument_18201.jpg\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/picture>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail-blurrer\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail-caption-wrapper spectra-image-gallery__media-thumbnail-caption-wrapper--overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-8e165e0c alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-bd7d921d\">\n<p style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Punctele determinate prin metode trigonometrice au constituit suportul m\u0103sur\u0103torilor cadastrale &#8211; opera\u0163iuni efectuate de geometri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Planurile cadastrale ale provinciei au fost realizate \u00een perioada 1819-1823 \u015fi apoi, reactualizate\/completate \u00eentre 1854-1856. Pentru majoritatea plan\u015felor cadastrale s-a folosit scara 1:2.880 (de 10 ori scara militar\u0103). \u00centruc\u00e2t Bucovina a fost una pu\u0163inele provincii habsburgice \u00een care m\u0103sur\u0103torile cadastrale au precedat recunoa\u015fterile militare, noile h\u0103r\u0163i \u00eentocmite de Statul Major au fost realizate prin reducerea la scar\u0103 (1:28.800) a planurilor cadastrale \u015fi completarea lor cu detalii topografice. Acest\u0103 opera\u0163iune a \u00eenceput \u00een perioada 1828-1830, c\u00e2nd au fost realizate doar 28 de sec\u0163iuni \u015fi va fi finalizat\u0103 abia \u00een 1863.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-grid uagb-block-34282fe2 alignwide uagb-is-root-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image aligncenter uagb-block-3cdacea6 wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-zoomin wp-block-uagb-image--align-center\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/PXL_20241127_131338319.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-lbwps-width=\"3020\" data-lbwps-height=\"2937\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/PXL_20241127_131338319.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/PXL_20241127_131338319.jpg ,https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/PXL_20241127_131338319-e1739454384578.jpg 780w, https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/PXL_20241127_131338319-e1739454384578.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/PXL_20241127_131338319.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-3210\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" title=\"PXL_20241127_131338319\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"uagb-image-caption\">Foaie de hart\u0103 intermediar\u0103, la scara 1:28.800, rezultat\u0103 \u00een urma mic\u0219or\u0103rii planurilor cadastrale din 1819-1823<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image aligncenter uagb-block-3c33d1f7 wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-zoomin wp-block-uagb-image--align-center\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/PXL_20241127_131300262.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-lbwps-width=\"3442\" data-lbwps-height=\"3021\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/PXL_20241127_131300262.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/PXL_20241127_131300262.jpg ,https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/PXL_20241127_131300262.jpg 780w, https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/PXL_20241127_131300262.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/PXL_20241127_131300262.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-3211\" width=\"520\" height=\"400\" title=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"uagb-image-caption\">Foaia final\u0103 a h\u0103r\u021bii militare, scara 1:28.800 (1829)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-c7f17af5 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-554bc117\">\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-4-background-color has-background\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">Un moment de referin\u0163\u0103 \u00een istoria geodeziei europene l-a reprezentat anul 1864, c\u00e2nd a fost \u00eenfiin\u0163at\u0103 \u201e<em>Asocia\u0163ia pentru m\u0103surarea gradelor din Europa Central\u0103<\/em>\u201d. Aceasta avea ca scop principal determinarea formei \u015fi dimensiunilor P\u0103m\u00e2ntului, prin m\u0103surarea unor arce de meridiane \u015fi paralele, lucrare ce necesita racordarea triangula\u0163iilor geodezice din diferite \u0163\u0103ri. \u00cenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceput, Asocia\u0163ia a pledat pentru uniformizarea metodelor de lucru\/echipamentelor folosite, respectiv, utilizarea sistemului metric \u00een determinarea bazelor geodezice \u015fi construc\u0163ia etaloanelor. Acest sistem va fi introdus treptat \u00een Imperiul Austro-Ungar, odat\u0103 cu 1871.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator uagb-block-135fcd60 wp-block-uagb-separator--icon\"><div class=\"uagb-separator-spacing-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator__inner\" style=\"--my-background-image:\"><div class=\"wp-block-uagb-separator-element\"><svg xmlns=\"https:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\"><path d=\"M352 256C352 278.2 350.8 299.6 348.7 320H163.3C161.2 299.6 159.1 278.2 159.1 256C159.1 233.8 161.2 212.4 163.3 192H348.7C350.8 212.4 352 233.8 352 256zM503.9 192C509.2 212.5 512 233.9 512 256C512 278.1 509.2 299.5 503.9 320H380.8C382.9 299.4 384 277.1 384 256C384 234 382.9 212.6 380.8 192H503.9zM493.4 160H376.7C366.7 96.14 346.9 42.62 321.4 8.442C399.8 29.09 463.4 85.94 493.4 160zM344.3 160H167.7C173.8 123.6 183.2 91.38 194.7 65.35C205.2 41.74 216.9 24.61 228.2 13.81C239.4 3.178 248.7 0 256 0C263.3 0 272.6 3.178 283.8 13.81C295.1 24.61 306.8 41.74 317.3 65.35C328.8 91.38 338.2 123.6 344.3 160H344.3zM18.61 160C48.59 85.94 112.2 29.09 190.6 8.442C165.1 42.62 145.3 96.14 135.3 160H18.61zM131.2 192C129.1 212.6 127.1 234 127.1 256C127.1 277.1 129.1 299.4 131.2 320H8.065C2.8 299.5 0 278.1 0 256C0 233.9 2.8 212.5 8.065 192H131.2zM194.7 446.6C183.2 420.6 173.8 388.4 167.7 352H344.3C338.2 388.4 328.8 420.6 317.3 446.6C306.8 470.3 295.1 487.4 283.8 498.2C272.6 508.8 263.3 512 255.1 512C248.7 512 239.4 508.8 228.2 498.2C216.9 487.4 205.2 470.3 194.7 446.6H194.7zM190.6 503.6C112.2 482.9 48.59 426.1 18.61 352H135.3C145.3 415.9 165.1 469.4 190.6 503.6V503.6zM321.4 503.6C346.9 469.4 366.7 415.9 376.7 352H493.4C463.4 426.1 399.8 482.9 321.4 503.6V503.6z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-d7ed62b2 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-b2eab7ef\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><strong><strong>Cartografierea Francisco-Iosefin\u0103<\/strong><\/strong><\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\u00cen acest context, \u00een septembrie 1872,<strong> <\/strong>\u00eemp\u0103ratul Franz Joseph a decis o nou\u0103 cartografiere militar\u0103 a monarhiei. Fa\u0163\u0103 de etapele anterioare, noile instruc\u0163iuni prevedeau utilizarea sistemului metric, determinarea precis\u0103 a altitudinilor, redarea topografiei prin intermediul curbelor de nivel \u0219i folosirea unui sistem unitar de coordonate. Noile h\u0103r\u0163i militare au fost realizate la scara 1:25.000, \u00een timp ce pentru h\u0103r\u0163ile cadastrale s-a folosit scara 1:2.500. Teritoriul Bucovinei a fost cartografiat conform noilor cerin\u0163e \u00eentre 1873-1874, folosind variante reduse a foilor cadastrale, opera\u0163iune care a antrenat 32 de cartografi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cu ocazia noilor recunoa\u015fteri militare din provincie au fost efectuate \u015fi lucr\u0103ri necesare racord\u0103rii re\u0163elelor de triangula\u0163ie austriece \u015fi ruse, peste teritoriul Moldovei. Aceast\u0103 activitate a avut o importan\u0163\u0103 deosebit\u0103 pentru Rom\u00e2nia, care nu dispunea de o hart\u0103 modern\u0103 a provinciilor unificate \u015fi nici de personalul tehnic sau de fondurile necesare realiz\u0103rii ei. Ca urmare, \u00een 1873, c\u00e2nd s-a decis debutul triangula\u0163iilor geodezice \u015fi efectuarea m\u0103sur\u0103torilor topografice, lucr\u0103rile au \u00eenceput din nordul Moldovei, unde construc\u0163ia re\u0163elei putea s\u0103 se bazeze pe moment \u201e<em>pe datele precise \u015fi technice ale triangula\u0163iunei executate \u00een \u0163\u0103rile vecine<\/em>\u201d&nbsp; . Responsabili de acest proiect au fost \u201ecei trei Constantini\u201d \u2013 colonelul C. Barozzi (\u015feful Depositului de R\u0103sboi), c\u0103pitanul C. C\u0103pit\u0103neanu (responsabil cu lucr\u0103rile astronomo-trigonometrice) \u015fi c\u0103pitanul C. Br\u0103tianu (responsabil cu partea cartografic\u0103). Pe parcursul anului 1873, cei trei ofi\u0163eri au participat la activit\u0103\u0163i de identificare a punctelor de triangula\u0163ie \u00een districtele Ia\u015fi, Boto\u015fani, Dorohoi \u015fi Suceava \u015fi au avut \u00een vedere posibilit\u0103\u0163ile de racordare a re\u0163elei rom\u00e2ne\u015fti cu cele din Basarabia \u015fi Bucovina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00cen Bucovina, comisia rom\u00e2n\u0103, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu cea austriac\u0103 \u2013 condus\u0103 de c\u0103pitanul de origine ceh\u0103 <strong><em>Robert Freiherr Daublebsky von Sterneck<\/em><\/strong>, au determinat elementele de conexiune ale re\u0163elelor geodezice din cele dou\u0103 \u021b\u0103ri. \u00centruc\u00e2t re\u0163eaua rom\u00e2n\u0103 nu dispunea de o baz\u0103 geodezic\u0103 proprie iar Depositul de R\u0103sboi nu avea mijloacele necesare determin\u0103rii, a fost folosit\u0103 pentru calcule baza austriac\u0103 de la R\u0103d\u0103u\u0163i. Aceasta a fost rem\u0103surat\u0103 par\u0163ial \u00een octombrie 1874, de c\u0103tre c\u0103pitanul Sternek, opera\u0163iune la care a asistat \u015fi C\u0103pit\u0103neanu. Spre deosebire de m\u0103sur\u0103torile din 1818, din cap\u0103tul de vest s-a m\u0103surat acum o linie de doar 2.416 st\u00e2njeni vienezi (4.566,24 m), noul cap\u0103t estic fiind pozi\u0163ionat la sud de localitatea Fr\u0103t\u0103u\u0163ii Vechi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dezvoltarea progresiv\u0103 c\u0103tre sud a re\u0163elei geodezice din Moldova a constituit preambulul ridic\u0103rilor topografice (1875-1893) \u015fi realiz\u0103rii h\u0103r\u0163ii Moldovei . \u00cen amintirea m\u0103sur\u0103torilor efectuate de echipa mixt\u0103 austriaco-rom\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1874, a fost amplasat\u0103 atunci o alt\u0103 plac\u0103 comemorativ\u0103 pe monumentul din G\u0103l\u0103ne\u015fti (fa\u0163ada estic\u0103; nu se mai p\u0103streaz\u0103 ast\u0103zi), \u00een timp ce noul cap\u0103t estic al bazei geodezice a fost marcat cu o born\u0103 simpl\u0103, inscrip\u0163ionat\u0103.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-a253ec4c alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-512f73aa\">\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-5-color has-ast-global-color-0-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-4a87a99daab9a485aaeed57052ce5719\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\u00cen urma acestei analize retrospective privind activit\u0103\u0163ile geodezice \u015fi cartografice din Bucovina se pot distinge progresele remarcabile realizate \u00een decurs de un secol (1773-1874) de administra\u0163ia austriac\u0103. Acestea sunt materializate \u00een prezen\u0163a unui volum impresionant de h\u0103r\u0163i cu o acurate\u0163e f\u0103r\u0103 precedent, realizate la cele mai \u00eenalte standarde ale perioadei de referin\u0163\u0103: o adev\u0103rat\u0103 \u201emo\u015ftenire \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103\u201d privind evolu\u0163ia peisajului geografic, unic\u0103 \u00een spa\u0163iul extracarpatic rom\u00e2nesc. \u00cen cadrul ei, un loc aparte \u00eel ocup\u0103 \u015fi monumentul de la G\u0103l\u0103ne\u015fti (1820) &#8211; cel mai vechi monument geodezic de pe teritoriul Rom\u00e2niei de care se leag\u0103, direct, asamblarea foilor cadastrale \u015fi, indirect, dezvoltarea geodeziei moderne \u00een \u0163ara noastr\u0103. Re\u0163eaua de puncte stabile de triangula\u0163ie creat\u0103 \u00een Bucovina, \u00een 1818-1820, a fost prima de acest gen de pe teritoriul actual al Rom\u00e2niei \u015fi a permis cartografierea cadastral\u0103 a Bucovinei \u00een cel pu\u0163in dou\u0103 etape cronologice (1819-1823; 1854-1856). Bucovina a fost astfel printre primele provincii ale Imperiului care au beneficiat de implementarea cadastrului stabil, fiind devansat\u0103 doar de Austria Inferioar\u0103 (1817-1824) \u015fi Provinciile Litorale (1818-1822).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n<ol style=\"font-size:15px; border-style:none;border-width:0px; padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);\" class=\"wp-block-footnotes\"><li id=\"14e1bb60-dd50-47ef-a552-de9ccd7b5518\"><em>Generalkarte deren Lisieres von der Moldau und der Walachei worin zu entnehmen ist, wie die Sektiones derselben mit jenen der angrenzenden Gro\u00dff\u00fcrstentum Siebenb\u00fcrgen zusammen zu setzen sind<\/em>, 1769-1773; Arhivele de R\u0103zboi, Viena, AT-OeStA\/KA KPS KS B III c 38 <a href=\"#14e1bb60-dd50-47ef-a552-de9ccd7b5518-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 1\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"fb5335a9-836f-4aed-a410-49a3c1245dd2\">Varianta original\u0103 se g\u0103se\u015fte ast\u0103zi \u00een arhivele vieneze &#8211; <em>Brouillons der Bukowiner Aufnahme bestehend in 71 Sectionen (aufgenommen durch den k. k. Generalquartiermeisterstab unter der direction des Major B\u00fcschel in den Jahren 1773, 1774 und 1775<\/em>); Arhivele de R\u0103zboi, Viena, AT-OeStA\/KA KPS KS B IXa 424; copia actualizat\u0103, destinat\u0103 ini\u0163ial Comandamentului din Gali\u0163ia, se afl\u0103 la Bucure\u015fti &#8211; <em>Brouillons der Bukowiner Aufnahme bestehend in 71 Sectionen<\/em>, Arhivele Na\u021bionale, ANB C VII 2 <a href=\"#fb5335a9-836f-4aed-a410-49a3c1245dd2-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 2\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"56b8a0b0-f85b-4cc1-b190-624e602f66f9\"><em>Plan des Bukowiner Districts bestehend in 72 Sections, welche in den Jahren 1773, 1774 und 1775 von einem departement des kaisl. k\u00f6nigl. Generalstabes geometrisch aufgenommen worden<\/em>. In Arhivele de Razboi din Viena se mai reg\u0103se\u015fte doar fi\u015fa de inventar (AT-OeStA\/KA KPS KS B IXa 425) \u00een care se specific\u0103 \u201e<em>Diese Karte wurde unter der direction des Major Mieg im Jahr 1778 in das einfache Milit\u00e4r-Ma\u00df, 1\u2019\u2019=400<sup>o<\/sup>, \u00fcbertragen\u201d <\/em>\u015fi se aminte\u015fte lipsa h\u0103r\u0163ii \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anul 1969. Ast\u0103zi se g\u0103se\u015fte \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, la Arhivele Na\u0163ionale din Bucure\u015fti, cota C VII 1. <a href=\"#56b8a0b0-f85b-4cc1-b190-624e602f66f9-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 3\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"bd5725aa-ba9c-468a-a2fa-09de15a0a42f\"><em>Topographische Bukowiner Kreis-Carte, welche aus denen unter der Direction des deutsch banatischen Gr\u00e4nz-Regiments Hauptmann Hora von Otzellowitz oeconomisch aufgenommenen original Grundrissen reducirt und zusammengesetzt\u00a0 worden, bestehend in 55 Sectionen, worinnen alle Dominien Abtheilungen und Grundgattungen ersichtlich<\/em>; Arhivele de R\u0103zboi, Viena, AT-OeStA\/KA KPS KS B IXa 432. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 varianta la scara 1:28800, Otzellowitz a realizat \u015fi o hart\u0103 mai general\u0103 a Bucovinei, cu scopul de a completa harta administrativ\u0103 a Gali\u0163iei \u015fi Lodomeriei, \u00eentocmit\u0103 de abatele Liesganig \u00een 1774 (cca. 1:72.000); ea este intitulat\u0103 <em>Bukowiner Kreis-Carte reducirt aus denen unter der direction das deutsch banatischen Gr\u00e4nz-Regiments Hauptmann Hora von Otzellowitz aufgenommenen oeconomischen Grundrissen<\/em>; Arhivele de R\u0103zboi, Viena, AT-OeStA\/KA KPS KS B IXa 433 <a href=\"#bd5725aa-ba9c-468a-a2fa-09de15a0a42f-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 4\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"988c29b5-088a-4749-8dcd-7c35c2387f35\">Ovidiu B\u00e2t\u0103 (2009), <em>Un monument de la 1820 dedicat lucr\u0103rilor cadastrale<\/em>, Analele Bucovinei, XVI, 2 (33), p. 433 <a href=\"#988c29b5-088a-4749-8dcd-7c35c2387f35-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 5\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Partea nord-vestic\u0103 a Principatului Moldovei, cunoscut\u0103 ulterior sub denumirea de Bucovina, a devenit o provincie a Imperiului Habsburgic \u00een 1775. De la anexare \u015fi p\u00e2n\u0103 la dizolvarea monarhiei austro-ungare \u00een 1918, Bucovina a r\u0103mas o provincie imperial\u0103 german\u0103 \u015fi, implicit, un subiect al diverselor m\u0103suri care au transformat cartografia \u00eentr-o \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 modern\u0103. Pu\u0163in cunoscute \u015fi [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"disabled","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"<em>Generalkarte deren Lisieres von der Moldau und der Walachei worin zu entnehmen ist, wie die Sektiones derselben mit jenen der angrenzenden Gro\u00dff\u00fcrstentum Siebenb\u00fcrgen zusammen zu setzen sind<\/em>, 1769-1773; Arhivele de R\u0103zboi, Viena, AT-OeStA\/KA KPS KS B III c 38\",\"id\":\"14e1bb60-dd50-47ef-a552-de9ccd7b5518\"},{\"content\":\"Varianta original\u0103 se g\u0103se\u015fte ast\u0103zi \u00een arhivele vieneze - <em>Brouillons der Bukowiner Aufnahme bestehend in 71 Sectionen (aufgenommen durch den k. k. Generalquartiermeisterstab unter der direction des Major B\u00fcschel in den Jahren 1773, 1774 und 1775<\/em>); Arhivele de R\u0103zboi, Viena, AT-OeStA\/KA KPS KS B IXa 424; copia actualizat\u0103, destinat\u0103 ini\u0163ial Comandamentului din Gali\u0163ia, se afl\u0103 la Bucure\u015fti - <em>Brouillons der Bukowiner Aufnahme bestehend in 71 Sectionen<\/em>, Arhivele Na\u021bionale, ANB C VII 2\",\"id\":\"fb5335a9-836f-4aed-a410-49a3c1245dd2\"},{\"content\":\"<em>Plan des Bukowiner Districts bestehend in 72 Sections, welche in den Jahren 1773, 1774 und 1775 von einem departement des kaisl. k\u00f6nigl. Generalstabes geometrisch aufgenommen worden<\/em>. In Arhivele de Razboi din Viena se mai reg\u0103se\u015fte doar fi\u015fa de inventar (AT-OeStA\/KA KPS KS B IXa 425) \u00een care se specific\u0103 \u201e<em>Diese Karte wurde unter der direction des Major Mieg im Jahr 1778 in das einfache Milit\u00e4r-Ma\u00df, 1\u2019\u2019=400<sup>o<\/sup>, \u00fcbertragen\u201d <\/em>\u015fi se aminte\u015fte lipsa h\u0103r\u0163ii \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu anul 1969. Ast\u0103zi se g\u0103se\u015fte \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, la Arhivele Na\u0163ionale din Bucure\u015fti, cota C VII 1.\",\"id\":\"56b8a0b0-f85b-4cc1-b190-624e602f66f9\"},{\"content\":\"<em>Topographische Bukowiner Kreis-Carte, welche aus denen unter der Direction des deutsch banatischen Gr\u00e4nz-Regiments Hauptmann Hora von Otzellowitz oeconomisch aufgenommenen original Grundrissen reducirt und zusammengesetzt\u00a0 worden, bestehend in 55 Sectionen, worinnen alle Dominien Abtheilungen und Grundgattungen ersichtlich<\/em>; Arhivele de R\u0103zboi, Viena, AT-OeStA\/KA KPS KS B IXa 432. Pe l\u00e2ng\u0103 varianta la scara 1:28800, Otzellowitz a realizat \u015fi o hart\u0103 mai general\u0103 a Bucovinei, cu scopul de a completa harta administrativ\u0103 a Gali\u0163iei \u015fi Lodomeriei, \u00eentocmit\u0103 de abatele Liesganig \u00een 1774 (cca. 1:72.000); ea este intitulat\u0103 <em>Bukowiner Kreis-Carte reducirt aus denen unter der direction das deutsch banatischen Gr\u00e4nz-Regiments Hauptmann Hora von Otzellowitz aufgenommenen oeconomischen Grundrissen<\/em>; Arhivele de R\u0103zboi, Viena, AT-OeStA\/KA KPS KS B IXa 433\",\"id\":\"bd5725aa-ba9c-468a-a2fa-09de15a0a42f\"},{\"content\":\"Ovidiu B\u00e2t\u0103 (2009), <em>Un monument de la 1820 dedicat lucr\u0103rilor cadastrale<\/em>, Analele Bucovinei, XVI, 2 (33), p. 433\",\"id\":\"988c29b5-088a-4749-8dcd-7c35c2387f35\"}]"},"class_list":["post-1883","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"icristea@atlas.usv.ro","author_link":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/author\/icristeaatlas-usv-ro\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Partea nord-vestic\u0103 a Principatului Moldovei, cunoscut\u0103 ulterior sub denumirea de Bucovina, a devenit o provincie a Imperiului Habsburgic \u00een 1775. De la anexare \u015fi p\u00e2n\u0103 la dizolvarea monarhiei austro-ungare \u00een 1918, Bucovina a r\u0103mas o provincie imperial\u0103 german\u0103 \u015fi, implicit, un subiect al diverselor m\u0103suri care au transformat cartografia \u00eentr-o \u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 modern\u0103. Pu\u0163in cunoscute \u015fi&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1883","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1883"}],"version-history":[{"count":761,"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1883\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4318,"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1883\/revisions\/4318"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1883"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}