{"id":1886,"date":"2025-02-09T14:58:26","date_gmt":"2025-02-09T14:58:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/?page_id=1886"},"modified":"2025-05-03T19:11:41","modified_gmt":"2025-05-03T19:11:41","slug":"descriere","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/descriere\/","title":{"rendered":"Descrierea planurilor"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-c209300f alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-fc5b3f1c\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><strong>Scope<\/strong><\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-right:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-left:0\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-ast-global-color-1-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9d80371ba2d165597a81a095df562165 translation-block\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">The scope of implementing the nineteenth-century Franciscan Cadastre was to determine the tax rates for various types of land, in relation to the net productivity of the soil, regardless of the owner's social status. This tax was meant to remain stable over a longer period, hence the name stable cadastre.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">In the Austrian provinces, during the period 1817\u20131861, measurements were carried out in a total of 30,556 cadastral communities, covering an area of 300,082 km<sup>2<\/sup>, which comprised 49,138,140 parcels. A total of 164,357 cadastral maps were developed, the vast majority at a scale of 1:2880<sup data-fn=\"126e2c48-b31b-4219-be0c-1ab9c7b02a15\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#126e2c48-b31b-4219-be0c-1ab9c7b02a15\" id=\"126e2c48-b31b-4219-be0c-1ab9c7b02a15-link\" target=\"_self\">1<\/a><\/sup>. The completed maps provide a comprehensive overview of property boundaries and their land-use patterns. The areas determined based on them allowed for the estimation of yields (the basis for calculating the net income generated, and the property tax, respectively). Since they were intended for an economic mapping of the land, no details regarding topography (e.g., elevations, slope inclinations) are provided.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The operations were carried out based on instructions; a first final version was published in 1824, but updates were also issued.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-049a3356 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-5dea3241\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\"><strong>Preliminary Operations<\/strong><\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-right:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-left:0\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-ast-global-color-1-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-11808f9cc01e14dd2a2cc394063a74db translation-block\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">The first stage in conducting the provincial economic census included the development of a <strong>stable triangulation network<\/strong> and the establishment of a <strong>layout system<\/strong> for the cadastral sheets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-grid uagb-block-3cccf7ac alignfull uagb-is-root-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-bc31e20f\">\n<p style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\" class=\"translation-block\">The <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-1-color\">network<\/mark><\/strong> was intended to provide the framework for determinations carried out on the field using a plane table (graphical triangulation) and, above all, the accuracy of the geographical positioning of the observed details. According to the practices of the time, the premise for the measurements was determining the length of a baseline (one side of the initial triangle). This operation had to be executed with maximum precision, which is why it was preferable for the chosen terrain to be as uniform as possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\" class=\"translation-block\">For measuring this distance, nineteenth-century engineer-officers utilized variations of the so-called Delambre instrument (<em>Basismess-Apparat<\/em>), which consisted mainly of four standard iron rods on wooden supports (each approximately 4 m long, 13 cm wide, and 4.5 cm thick), equipped with indicators for the thermal expansion or contraction of the metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\" class=\"translation-block\">The works were coordinated by the newly established Triangulation Bureau (1806) within the General Staff, and from 1839 onward, by the Military Geographical Institute. High-ranking officers also coordinated the technical activity of the Cadastral Survey Department (<em>Vermessungsdepartement<\/em>) within the Court Commission for Land Tax Regulation (<em>Grundsteuerregulierungs-Hofkommission<\/em>)\u2014the central body for implementing the stable cadastre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image uagb-block-d7973d9f wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-static wp-block-uagb-image--align-none\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/delambre.png\" target=\"\" rel=\"noopener\" data-lbwps-width=\"1149\" data-lbwps-height=\"681\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/delambre.png\" data-lbwps-caption=\"Sistemul unui etalon Delambre folosit pentru m\u0103surarea bazelor geodezice \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu 1810\" data-lbwps-description=\"Reproducere din volumul compilat de H. Hartl (1888), Materialien zur Geschichte der astronomisch-trigonometrischen Vermessung der \u00f6sterreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie, Viena, Anexa 4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/delambre.png ,https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/delambre.png 780w, https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/delambre.png 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/delambre.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-3967\" width=\"700\" height=\"681\" title=\"Delambre\" role=\"img\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">The geodetic baseline in Bukovina, measured by A. Hawliczek in 1818, had its western terminus near the locality of G\u0103l\u0103ne\u0219ti and its eastern terminus south of Andrasfalva (M\u0103neu\u021bi). The officer's report reveals that a device with Delambre metal standards constructed in 1810 was used for the measurements. From this line, all other triangulation points (generally located on prominent terrain elevations) were determined indirectly, by measuring the angles (e.g., using the baseline north of R\u0103d\u0103u\u021bi, the first triangles with vertices on Ursoaia Hill and Fund\u0103tura, north of F\u00e2nt\u00e2na Alb\u0103, were determined). Upon the completion of the works in 1820, the endpoints of the triangulation baseline were marked by inscribed stone monuments\u2014the earliest known geodetic markers within the current territory of Romania. Unfortunately, only the one at the western terminus (G\u0103l\u0103ne\u0219ti) has survived to this day.<sup data-fn=\"58d6ea4b-e7c5-456b-8dd4-b15c13248827\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#58d6ea4b-e7c5-456b-8dd4-b15c13248827\" id=\"58d6ea4b-e7c5-456b-8dd4-b15c13248827-link\">2<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-07d6edcc\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-23f11a31\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/retea_bucovina-e1746088231536.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"1071\" data-lbwps-height=\"1397\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/retea_bucovina-e1746088231536.jpg\" data-lbwps-caption=\"Distribu\u021bia punctelor trigonometrice cunoscute din Ducatul Bucovinei (1851)\" data-lbwps-description=\"Original disponibil la Arhivele Na\u021bionale din Suceava.\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/retea_bucovina.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4043\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-25b01461 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\">\n<p style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">The points determined by trigonometric methods formed the support framework for the cadastral surveys. According to the regulations in force, there had to be at least three trigonometric points determined with a theodolite for every square mile (5,754.6 ha). Based on these, and with the aid of a plane table, other control points were subsequently generated, and finally, the detailing was carried out at the parcel level\u2014operations performed by military or civilian surveyors. The points of the cadastral triangulation are marked on the maps with triangles, while those determined graphically are marked with squares.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-grid uagb-block-6a5f2d09 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-92ca8f11\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CadastrulAustr1-e1746088605927.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"829\" data-lbwps-height=\"1200\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CadastrulAustr1-e1746088605927.jpg\" data-lbwps-caption=\"Reconstituirea sistemului de asamblare a foilor cadastrale din Bucovina \u00een coordonate WGS84, folosind pozi\u0163ia punctului central (monumentul din cap\u0103tul vestic al bazei \u2013 W.B.E.P.).\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/CadastrulAustr1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4002\" style=\"object-fit:cover\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-ef33ca93\">\n<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0\" class=\"translation-block\">Although, initially, the starting point of the <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-1-color\">coordinate system<\/mark><\/strong> for the empire's triangulation was considered to be the tower of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, due to the vast expansion of the territory to be mapped and in order to limit the resulting distortions, systems with multiple origins (datum points) were used in practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full\" style=\"margin-right:0;margin-left:0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/sisteme_coordonate.png\" data-lbwps-width=\"961\" data-lbwps-height=\"815\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/sisteme_coordonate.png\" data-lbwps-caption=\"Harta sistemelor de coordonate utilizate pentru \u00eentocmirea planurilor cadastrale din Imperiul Austriac \u015fi pozi\u0163ia punctelor fundamentale\" data-lbwps-description=\"Dup\u0103 Instruktion zur Ausf\u00fchrung der Vermessungen \u2026 (1907), \u00d6sterreich \/ Finanzministerium, Wien, p. 32\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"961\" height=\"815\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/sisteme_coordonate.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3995\" style=\"object-fit:cover\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-left:0\">Based on these points, the map sheet grids were generated for each territory in the form of rows and columns, utilizing the Cassini projection and the Zach-Oriani ellipsoid. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:0\">The cadastral maps of Bukovina were produced during the period 1819\u20131823 and subsequently updated\/supplemented between 1854\u20131856. A matrix-type system was used for their assembly, with the origin (datum point) located at the western baseline endpoint\u2014the monument at G\u0103l\u0103ne\u0219ti. From this point, the columns were numbered with Roman numerals: I\u2013VII to the east and I\u2013IX to the west. The rows were numbered from north to south with Arabic numerals (from 1 to 23), so that the ordinate axis (which intersected the point of origin) corresponded to the boundary between rows 12 and 13. For each grid square (one square mile), there were 20 cadastral sheets at a scale of 1:2,880, in the form of rectangles (4 columns x 5 rows, identified by letters) measuring 1,000 x 800 Vienna fathoms (1896.48 \u00d7 1517.19 m).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-352f80e1 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-advanced-heading uagb-block-f2531d3a\"><h3 class=\"uagb-heading-text\">Production of the cadastral maps<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);margin-right:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-left:0\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-ast-global-color-1-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-301ca0bfb27b58a843d0bc3ebc0d8691 translation-block\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Detailed mapping was carried out by <strong><mark style=\"color:#9b51e0\" class=\"has-inline-color\">cadastral unit<\/mark><\/strong>, by <strong><mark style=\"color:#9b51e0\" class=\"has-inline-color\">surveyors<\/mark><\/strong>. These were scientifically educated individuals with practical experience. A mapping inspector was commissioned in each district to monitor the work performed by the surveyors and sign the map sheets alongside them. A director and one or more cadastral sub-directors were appointed in each province to verify the work of the inspectors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-41fd0114 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\">\n<p style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">The description and marking of the boundaries of the mapped unit was an important preliminary activity and was carried out by a commission; the boundaries of the properties within the community were marked by mutual agreement of the owners in the usual manner (boundary stones, wooden stakes, earthen mounds, ditches). If an agreement could not be reached, a separate parcel or cluster of parcels was created for the disputed area. During the subsequent detailed measurements, numerous field sketches were made, including indications regarding the owners' names, house numbers, land-use types, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\" class=\"translation-block\">A working group typically consisted of an officer or a civilian graduate of a polytechnic school, an assistant, and 3\u20134 chainmen. The work schedule was 12\u201314 hours a day, from Monday to Saturday. Office work was carried out voluntarily on Sundays and public holidays to cope with performance pressures<sup data-fn=\"69cd5202-7de7-475d-beeb-ce2b833c9732\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#69cd5202-7de7-475d-beeb-ce2b833c9732\" id=\"69cd5202-7de7-475d-beeb-ce2b833c9732-link\" target=\"_self\">3<\/a><\/sup>. If you made a mistake, you had to redo the work at your own expense and during your own free time!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">The working groups developed the cadastral maps and portfolios for each cadastral unit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-ec1822cc alignfull uagb-is-root-container\">\n<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:0\" class=\"translation-block\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-1-color\">Cadastral maps<\/mark><\/strong> reflected the field situation of land use, the boundaries of parcels and cadastral communities, the position of buildings, various types of roads, etc. In the final version, each land parcel was numbered, and arable lands, pastures, meadows, forests, gardens, orchards, marshes, unproductive lands, and waters were represented with specific colors. Wooden houses were colored yellow, while stone ones were colored red; there were different conventional signs for churches, mills, inns, forestry stations, or post offices. An almost complete list of the conventional signs used is accessible within the interactive application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:0\">Each map had a standard format of 20 x 25 inches (526.8 x 658.5 mm).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-f6f58517 alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-1605ab0f\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/cad_legend_1856-e1746095012292.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"1292\" data-lbwps-height=\"912\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/cad_legend_1856-e1746095012292.jpg\" data-lbwps-caption=\"O legend\u0103 a semnelor conven\u021bionale folosite la elaborarea planurilor cadastrale (varianta 1856)\" data-lbwps-description=\"Alte variante, din perioade cronologice diferite, pot fi g\u0103site la https:\/\/maps.geshergalicia.org\/ref\/legend\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1292\" height=\"912\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/cad_legend_1856-e1746095012292.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4071\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-97acde83\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/sadagura-e1746094998284.jpg\" data-lbwps-width=\"1161\" data-lbwps-height=\"954\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/sadagura-e1746094998284.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/sadagura-e1746094998284.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4098\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-3d198c6b alignfull uagb-is-root-container\">\n<p style=\"margin-right:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-left:0\">The accuracy of the representations is influenced by a multitude of factors, including fiscal relevance. Empirically, it is considered to vary from 0.8 m (agricultural, flat terrain) up to 100 m in high mountainous areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-right:0;margin-left:0\">The final versions were printed using specialized lithographic stones. Each stone measured 76 cm long, 63 cm wide, and 8 cm thick (approx. 30 x 25 x 3 inches), weighing around 90 kg (198 lbs). A single lithographic stone was used to produce just one sheet. According to estimates, approximately 15,739 metric tons of stone would have been required to manufacture all the lithographic stones used to reproduce the more than 164,000 cadastral maps across all Austrian provinces! The manufacturing and transportation of these stones alone incurred significant financial expenditures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-right:0;margin-left:0\" class=\"translation-block\">The paper used was handmade from a fiber pulp. In the light, two watermarks can be seen: <mark style=\"color:#9b51e0\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><em>PRO PATRIA EIUSQUE LIBERTATE<\/em><\/mark> or that of the manufacturer \u2013 <mark style=\"color:#9b51e0\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><em>C &amp; I HONIG<\/em><\/mark>. The location of the mill was probably in the Netherlands \u2013 Zaandijk, near Amsterdam. Paper produced by the mills here can be found in German-speaking countries from the seventeenth century until the nineteenth century. It was utilized for all the sheets of the Franciscan Cadastre, from 1817 until the end of the project<sup data-fn=\"10d1bf13-e0d0-4f96-99ca-d12d5e0b5bed\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#10d1bf13-e0d0-4f96-99ca-d12d5e0b5bed\" id=\"10d1bf13-e0d0-4f96-99ca-d12d5e0b5bed-link\" target=\"_self\">4<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-cab9327c alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-456b0b54\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/propatria.png\" data-lbwps-width=\"481\" data-lbwps-height=\"688\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/propatria.png\" data-lbwps-caption=\"Filigran utilizat pentru h\u00e2rtia planurilor cadastrale. \" data-lbwps-description=\"Con\u021bine: un leu \u00eencoronat, ridicat \u00een picioare, care \u021bine \u00eentr-o ghiar\u0103 un m\u0103nunchi cu 7 s\u0103ge\u021bi (pentru 7 provincii), iar \u00een cealalt\u0103 un sceptru (topor de lupt\u0103?); pe piedestalul s\u0103u s\u0103u este scris Vryheid (Libertate); pe banda circular\u0103 este scris\u0103 lozinca Pro Patria Eiusque Libertate (Pentru patrie \u0219i libertatea sa) iar deasupra ei este o coroan\u0103 cu un copac. Aminte\u0219te lupta de independen\u021b\u0103 a \u021a\u0103rilor de Jos \u00eempotriva Spaniei (1581). Sursa: Feucht et. al., Von der Messtischmappe zur digitalen Katastralmappe, 2017\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"481\" height=\"688\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/propatria.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4076\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-44d2ce87\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/honig.png\" data-lbwps-width=\"713\" data-lbwps-height=\"512\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/honig.png\" data-lbwps-caption=\"Filigran utilizat pentru h\u00e2rtia planurilor cadastrale. \" data-lbwps-description=\"Con\u021bine denumirea produc\u0103torului. Aceast\u0103 companie producea h\u00e2rtie lucrat\u0103 manual (alb\u0103, albastr\u0103 \u0219i gri) \u00een faimoasa lor moar\u0103 \u201eDe vergulde Bijkorf\u201d (Stupul aurit), precum \u0219i \u00een multe alte fabrici de h\u00e2rtie din Zaandijk. Honig \u00eenseamn\u0103 miere ! Sursa: Feucht et. al., Von der Messtischmappe zur digitalen Katastralmappe. 2017\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"713\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/honig.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4077\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-27aa56bf alignfull uagb-is-root-container\">\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:0\" class=\"translation-block\"><strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color Pegas-ast-global-color-1-color\">Cadastral portfolios<\/mark><\/strong> contain, for each cadastral unit, a protocol (report) of land parcels and buildings. For each parcel, it indicates the sequence number, the owner's name, the surface area in Vienna yokes and fathoms, the type of property (dominical or rustical), and the land-use type; sections detailing subsequent changes are also included. Buildings are also numbered, with various details specified (owner's name, type of construction, material used, built-up area, and subsequent changes).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:0\">In Bukovina, the triangulation and cadastral survey works commenced in 1819 and continued until 1823. Thirty-one years later, as the old cadastral maps and portfolios no longer corresponded to reality, it was decided to resume the surveys. These began in the spring of 1854 in northern Bukovina and continued in the central and southern parts of the province until the end of 1856 \u2013 beginning of 1857. At that time, Bukovina was divided into 16 tax districts and comprised 319 cadastral units. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:0\" class=\"translation-block\">The cadastral maps and portfolios were developed and completed mainly by <strong><mark style=\"color:#9b51e0\" class=\"has-inline-color\">surveyors of German or Polish ethnicity<\/mark><\/strong> who did not know the Romanian language; for this reason, the names of localities, hamlets, rivers, glades, churches, etc., were transcribed phonetically as they were heard, often butchered, using German or Polish orthography. A large number of surveyors and assistants participated in the measurements; in 1854 alone, at least 56 people were involved<sup data-fn=\"8f48e969-7ea2-4d83-ad68-f5c17dac4285\" class=\"fn\"><a href=\"#8f48e969-7ea2-4d83-ad68-f5c17dac4285\" id=\"8f48e969-7ea2-4d83-ad68-f5c17dac4285-link\" target=\"_self\">5<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:0;padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:0\" class=\"translation-block\">The cadastral maps produced were subject to <strong><mark class=\"has-inline-color has-ast-global-color-1-color\">reambulances (updates)<\/mark><\/strong> carried out between 1865 and 1883. These were mainly driven by inevitable changes occurring over time and the need to align their content with the land registers. The Property Tax Regulation Act of 1869 contained provisions for new operations aimed at updating cadastral files and ownership registers. On this occasion, a new edition of the 1854\u20131856 cadastral map sheets (V2) was lithographed. The reprinted sheets feature updated conventional signs; subsequent changes (new parcel boundaries, administrative limits, buildings, roads, changes in the hydrographic network) were marked on them in red ink, and boundaries, buildings, and property numbers that were no longer up to date were crossed out with two small dashes. Thus, areas with modifications could be quickly distinguished from those that remained unchanged. An indication of the later lithography is the inclusion of a metric graphic scale on the title sheets\u2014the metric system having been introduced in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1871.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-aded578e alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-a1724962\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image uagb-block-2195c9fe wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-static wp-block-uagb-image--align-none\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/210_35-e1746096378983.jpg\" target=\"\" rel=\"noopener\" data-lbwps-width=\"1352\" data-lbwps-height=\"1178\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/210_35-e1746096378983.jpg\" data-lbwps-caption=\"Foaia de titlu a unit\u0103\u021bii cadastrale POIANA STAMPEI (cod 210) &amp;#8211; varianta original\u0103 V1. \" data-lbwps-description=\"Foile de titlu V1 includ schema de asamblare a planurilor pentru unitatea cadastral\u0103 \u00een cauz\u0103 (numerotate de la nord la sud \u0219i vest-est) \u0219i o scar\u0103 grafic\u0103 \u00een st\u00e2njeni vienezi (klafter). Singurele actualiz\u0103ri, marcate cu cerneal\u0103 ro\u0219ie, sunt limitele adminstrative.\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/210_35-e1746096378983.jpg ,https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/210_35-e1746096378983.jpg 780w, https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/210_35-e1746096378983.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/210_35-e1746096378983.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-4108\" width=\"1352\" height=\"1178\" title=\"210_35\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-f96e8984\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image uagb-block-49c7ac5b wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-static wp-block-uagb-image--align-none\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/210_1-e1746095788740.jpg\" target=\"\" rel=\"noopener\" data-lbwps-width=\"1697\" data-lbwps-height=\"1385\" data-lbwps-srcsmall=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/210_1-e1746095788740.jpg\" data-lbwps-caption=\"Foaia de titlu a unit\u0103\u021bii cadastrale POIANA STAMPEI (cod 210) &amp;#8211; varianta cu actualiz\u0103ri V2\" data-lbwps-description=\"Fa\u021b\u0103 de V1 include o scar\u0103 grafic\u0103 metric\u0103, informa\u021bii privind revizuirea, nomenclatura foii (codul de pozi\u021bionare \u00een cadrul schemei generale de asamblare a foilor provinciei), numele autorilor.\"><img decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/210_1-e1746095788740.jpg ,https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/210_1-e1746095788740.jpg 780w, https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/210_1-e1746095788740.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 150px\" src=\"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/210_1-e1746095788740.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-4107\" width=\"1352\" height=\"1178\" title=\"210_1\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-a253ec4c alignfull uagb-is-root-container\"><div class=\"uagb-container-inner-blocks-wrap\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container uagb-block-512f73aa\">\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-5-color has-ast-global-color-0-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-23e7dc908633c9fd988786de51ff926d translation-block\" style=\"padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">At the National Archives in Suceava and the offices of the County Cadastre and Land Registration Office, two versions of the cadastral sheets produced in 1854\u20131856 for Bukovina are preserved\u2014the originals (V1) and the updated version (V2). With few exceptions, they remained unknown and inaccessible to the public until the 2008\u20132011 research project regarding the Franciscan Cadastre in Carinthia and Bukovina, carried out by the universities of Klagenfurt and Innsbruck and coordinated by professors Helmut Rumpler and Kurt Scharr (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.franziszeischerkataster.at\/\" target=\"_self\">http:\/\/www.franziszeischerkataster.at\/<\/a>). On this occasion, an inventory of the preserved maps was compiled, and 5,092 sheets from the National Archives and 632 from the Cadastre Office were scanned (4,074 from the V1 edition, and the rest from V2). In fact, without this remarkable achievement, our cartographic adventure would probably not have existed!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<ol style=\"font-size:15px;\" class=\"wp-block-footnotes\"><li id=\"126e2c48-b31b-4219-be0c-1ab9c7b02a15\">Constantin Ungureanu (2022), <em>Cadastrul din Bucovina: Proprietarii de case \u0219i cl\u0103diri (1854-1856)<\/em>, vol. I, Ed. Karl A. Romstorfer, Suceava <a href=\"#126e2c48-b31b-4219-be0c-1ab9c7b02a15-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 1\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"58d6ea4b-e7c5-456b-8dd4-b15c13248827\">Alexandru-Ionu\u0163 Cristea , Cristina Cristea (2021), <em>Mo\u015fteniri cartografice habsburgice \u00een Bucovina<\/em>, Analele Bucovinei, XXVIII 2(57) <a href=\"#58d6ea4b-e7c5-456b-8dd4-b15c13248827-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 2\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"69cd5202-7de7-475d-beeb-ce2b833c9732\">Rainer Feucht, Rupert Kugler, Franz Sch\u00f6nweiler (2017), <em>Von der Messtischmappe zur digitalen Katastralmappe<\/em>, \u00een <em>200 Jahre Kataster<br>\u00d6sterreichisches Kulturgut 1817 &#8211; 2017<\/em>, BEV &#8211; Bundesamt f\u00fcr Eich- und Vermessungswesen, p. 95 <a href=\"#69cd5202-7de7-475d-beeb-ce2b833c9732-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 3\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"10d1bf13-e0d0-4f96-99ca-d12d5e0b5bed\">idem , p.91 <a href=\"#10d1bf13-e0d0-4f96-99ca-d12d5e0b5bed-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 4\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><li id=\"8f48e969-7ea2-4d83-ad68-f5c17dac4285\">Constantin Ungureanu (2011), <em>Cadastrul austriac din Bucovina<\/em>, Revista de Istorie a Moldovei. Nr. 1-2 <a href=\"#8f48e969-7ea2-4d83-ad68-f5c17dac4285-link\" aria-label=\"Jump to footnote reference 5\">\u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Obiective Opera\u021biuni preliminare Re\u021beaua trebuia s\u0103 asigure scheletul determin\u0103rilor efectuate pe teren cu plan\u015feta topografic\u0103 (triangula\u0163iei grafice) \u015fi, mai ales, precizia pozi\u0163ion\u0103rii geografice a detaliilor observate. Conform practicilor vremii, premisa m\u0103sur\u0103torilor o reprezenta determinarea lungimii unei baze (o latur\u0103 a triunghiului ini\u0163ial). Aceast\u0103 opera\u0163ie trebuia efectuat\u0103 cu maxim de precizie, de aceea terenul ales era [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"disabled","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"Constantin Ungureanu (2022), <em>Cadastrul din Bucovina: Proprietarii de case \u0219i cl\u0103diri (1854-1856)<\/em>, vol. I, Ed. Karl A. Romstorfer, Suceava\",\"id\":\"126e2c48-b31b-4219-be0c-1ab9c7b02a15\"},{\"content\":\"Alexandru-Ionu\u0163 Cristea , Cristina Cristea (2021), <em>Mo\u015fteniri cartografice habsburgice \u00een Bucovina<\/em>, Analele Bucovinei, XXVIII 2(57)\",\"id\":\"58d6ea4b-e7c5-456b-8dd4-b15c13248827\"},{\"content\":\"Rainer Feucht, Rupert Kugler, Franz Sch\u00f6nweiler (2017), <em>Von der Messtischmappe zur digitalen Katastralmappe<\/em>, \u00een <em>200 Jahre Kataster<br>\u00d6sterreichisches Kulturgut 1817 - 2017<\/em>, BEV - Bundesamt f\u00fcr Eich- und Vermessungswesen, p. 95\",\"id\":\"69cd5202-7de7-475d-beeb-ce2b833c9732\"},{\"content\":\"idem , p.91\",\"id\":\"10d1bf13-e0d0-4f96-99ca-d12d5e0b5bed\"},{\"content\":\"Constantin Ungureanu (2011), <em>Cadastrul austriac din Bucovina<\/em>, Revista de Istorie a Moldovei. Nr. 1-2\",\"id\":\"8f48e969-7ea2-4d83-ad68-f5c17dac4285\"}]"},"class_list":["post-1886","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"trp-custom-language-flag":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"icristea@atlas.usv.ro","author_link":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/author\/icristeaatlas-usv-ro\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Obiective Opera\u021biuni preliminare Re\u021beaua trebuia s\u0103 asigure scheletul determin\u0103rilor efectuate pe teren cu plan\u015feta topografic\u0103 (triangula\u0163iei grafice) \u015fi, mai ales, precizia pozi\u0163ion\u0103rii geografice a detaliilor observate. Conform practicilor vremii, premisa m\u0103sur\u0103torilor o reprezenta determinarea lungimii unei baze (o latur\u0103 a triunghiului ini\u0163ial). Aceast\u0103 opera\u0163ie trebuia efectuat\u0103 cu maxim de precizie, de aceea terenul ales era&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1886","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1886"}],"version-history":[{"count":239,"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1886\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4369,"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1886\/revisions\/4369"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bukowina1856.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1886"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}